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Fingerprint scanning is really a standard biometric method that authenticates a user's identity based upon who they really are. Even though authentication using fingerprint scanning tries to verify identities using a unique characteristic, it is not 100% secure or reliable.
A user's fingerprint includes a number of ridges and valleys around the upper skin layer. A fingerprint scanner plate using optics or capacitance collects a print sample from the pattern of ridges and valleys, converts the pattern to a number or algorithm, and compares it to other stored templates.
There are two basic types of fingerprint scanners, dynamic and static, with the latter being easier to defeat just because a print can be extracted from another object and transferred to the scanner. The dynamic scanner utilizes a small slit or opening to capture prints, that makes it a lot more difficult to defeat.
Circumventing fingerprint scanners is possible because optical scanners can't always distinguish between a picture of the finger and also the finger itself, and capacitive scanners can often be fooled by a mold of a person's finger. Some scanners have additional pulse and heat sensors to ensure the finger is alive but even scalping strategies can be fooled with a gel or silicone printed mold over a real finger.
Along with threats by posed attackers, fingerprint scanning has inherent problems, for example in cold climates it might be freezing for fingerprints to register on the heat sensor or perhaps a finger might be too dry to shut a capacitive circuit. Further, the (FAR) false accept rate and (FRR) false reject rate of fingerprint scanning compared to other biometric standards is somewhat misleading due to the fact much of the data originates from biased vendors. However, generally fingerprint scanning rates are superior to facial recognition rates but less favorable in comparison with iris recognition or palm print scanning.
Keep in mind that there is no perfect biometric system and every type has its own advantages and disadvantages, and should be evaluated according to its application.
To create security systems more reliable, it's a good idea to mix biometric analysis with other means of identification, like a password, or any other multi-factor authentication systems.
We would not recommend the fingerprint scanning biometric technique for locations or objects that require a high-level of security. If your building with highly sensitive information had fingerprint scanning because the only security device, then a layman could lift a fingerprint from the car door, glass, etc., and get access to the building.
Like passwords, fingerprint scanning is merely a deterrent from use of information. Fingerprint scanners are used on many laptops today, but the primary security is through to lock it within the trunk when traveling or ensure that it stays locked in the house since with enough time, someone could break through password or fingerprint security.
